"無明"（梵文：avidyā）是一個源自佛教的概念，
指的是對現實真相的無知或錯誤認識。
在佛教哲學中，
無明是導致生死輪迴（Samsara）和痛苦的根本原因之一。
具體來說，
無明指的是對「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）以及「緣起法」（即一切事物的因果關係）的無知。
因為無明，
人們無法正確理解生命的本質，
誤以為有一個永恆不變的「自我」（我執），
從而生起貪欲、嗔恨、妄想等煩惱，導致生死輪迴的持續。
佛教教義強調，
要解脫痛苦，
必須通過修行來消除無明，
達到對真理的正確認識，
這樣才能破除煩惱，
最終達到涅槃（nirvana）這一解脫的狀態。
"Avidyā" (Sanskrit: avidyā) is a concept originating from Buddhism, referring to ignorance or misunderstanding of the true nature of reality.
In Buddhist philosophy, avidyā is considered one of the fundamental causes of the cycle of birth and death (Samsara) and suffering.
Specifically, avidyā refers to ignorance of the "Four Noble Truths" (suffering, its origin, its cessation, and the path leading to its cessation) and "Dependent Origination" (the law of cause and effect underlying all phenomena).
Due to avidyā, people are unable to correctly understand the nature of existence and mistakenly believe in an eternal, unchanging "self" (ego-clinging).
This misunderstanding gives rise to desires, hatred, delusions, and other afflictions, perpetuating the cycle of Samsara.
Buddhist teachings emphasize that to be free from suffering, one must eliminate avidyā through spiritual practice, gaining a correct understanding of the truth.
By doing so, one can overcome afflictions and ultimately attain nirvana, the state of liberation.
References:
《緣起經》
三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯
…
「云何無明？
謂於前際無知，於後際無知，於前後際無知；
於內無知，於外無知，於內外無知；
於業無知，於異熟無知，於業異熟無知；
於佛無知，於法無知，於僧無知；
於苦無知，於集無知，於滅無知，於道無知；
於因無知，於果無知，於因已生諸法無知；
於善無知，於不善無知；
於有罪無知，於無罪無知；
於應修習無知，於不應修習無知；
於下劣無知；
於上妙無知；
於黑無知，於白無知；
於有異分無知，於緣已生或六觸處，如實通達無知。
如是於彼彼處如實無知，無見無現觀，愚癡無明黑闇，是謂無明。」
"The Sutra on Dependent Origination"
Translated by Tripitaka Master Xuanzang by Imperial Decree
...
"What is Ignorance (Avidyā)?
It refers to the ignorance of the past, the ignorance of the future, and the ignorance of both the past and the future;
The ignorance of the internal, the ignorance of the external, and the ignorance of both the internal and the external;
The ignorance of karma, the ignorance of its result, and the ignorance of the relationship between karma and its result;
The ignorance of the Buddha, the ignorance of the Dharma, and the ignorance of the Sangha;
The ignorance of suffering, the ignorance of its origin, the ignorance of its cessation, and the ignorance of the path leading to its cessation;
The ignorance of causes, the ignorance of effects, and the ignorance of the phenomena that arise from causes;
The ignorance of what is wholesome, the ignorance of what is unwholesome;
The ignorance of what is sinful, the ignorance of what is sinless;
The ignorance of what should be cultivated, the ignorance of what should not be cultivated;
The ignorance of what is inferior;
The ignorance of what is superior;
The ignorance of what is dark, the ignorance of what is light;
The ignorance of distinctions and the ignorance of the six sense bases and their corresponding contact as they arise.
In this way, there is ignorance of these various matters, a lack of true knowledge, a lack of insight, and a state of foolishness, ignorance, and darkness. This is called ignorance."
