2025年4月7日 星期一

“Doctor, Will I become dependent to This Medication?” — A Brief Discussion on Drug Dependence

 

In outpatient clinics, it's common to hear patients ask:"Doctor, will I become dependent on this medication?"

So, what exactly is drug dependence?

 

From a medical diagnostic standpoint:

Drug dependence falls under the category of Substance Use Disorder (SUD).

The American Psychiatric Association defines SUD as the presence of two or more of the following symptoms occurring within a 12-month period, including:

taking more substance than intended, unsuccessful efforts to cut down, significant time spent using or recovering from the substance, craving, failure to perform major role obligations, continued use despite interference with social/occupational/recreational activities, use in hazardous situations, use despite significant negative impact on health, tolerance, and withdrawal.

 

The severity of SUD varies:

According to the DSM-5, there are 11 diagnostic criteria.Depending on the number of symptoms present within a 12-month period, SUD is classified as:

1.    Mild (2–3 symptoms)

2.    Moderate (4–5 symptoms)

3.    Severe (6 or more symptoms)

The 11 diagnostic criteria are:

     1. Often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.

     2. A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use.

     3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from the substance’s effects.

     4. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use the substance.

     5. Recurrent use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.

     6. Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by its effects.

     7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use.

     8. Recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.

     9. Continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance.

     10. Tolerance.

     11. Withdrawal.

Notes:

      Criteria 10 and 11 (tolerance and withdrawal) are not counted if they result solely from appropriate use of prescribed medications.

      In this context, “substance” includes both medications and chemical substances.

 

After reading this far, you may realize:

Most medications prescribed legally by doctors do not lead to SUD.

That’s because substances more likely to cause SUD typically include:

      Caffeine, tobacco/nicotine, alcohol

      Prescription drug misuse — such as opioids, sedatives/hypnotics, and stimulants

      Marijuana

      Illicit drugs — such as stimulants (including cocaine), opioids (including heroin), hallucinogens, and inhalants

Most medications taken by the general population don’t fall into these categories, or they are used within medically appropriate guidelines.

Therefore, medications legally obtained through proper medical channels usually do not cause dependence!

 

Additional clarification:

Some patients with chronic conditions require long-term medication use.This should not be mistaken for dependence — it is simply a medical necessity.

In other words, for certain patients, these medications are as essential as food and water.It is not dependence.

After all, we don’t consider ourselves addicted to food or water just because we need them every day — right?

 

References:

UpToDate:

      Substance use disorders: Clinical assessment

      Substance use disorders in physicians

Wikipedia:

      Substance dependence (zh)

      Substance use disorder (zh)

 

Note 1:

Several studies have shown that alcohol is the most concerning substance among physicians, followed by prescription opioids.

For example, a retrospective study analyzing 3,604 physician health program (PHP) medical records reported the following “drug of choice” distribution:

      Alcohol – 25%

      Opioids – 25%

      Cannabis – 12%

      Cocaine – 11%

      Sedatives – 10%

      Amphetamines – 4%

      Inhalants – 1%

      Other – 8%

 

Note 2:

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the risk thresholds for alcohol in the U.S. are:

      Men under 65:≥5 standard drinks in a day, or >14 drinks per week on average

      Women and men over 65:≥4 standard drinks in a day, or >7 drinks per week on average

One standard drink contains ~12g of ethanol (e.g., 1.5 oz of 80-proof liquor, 5 oz of wine, or 12 oz of beer).

For gender minority populations, no formal risk thresholds have been established yet.

There is also no universally agreed definition of unhealthy use for substances other than alcohol.For some substances, any use at all (e.g., cocaine or methamphetamine) is considered unhealthy, as even occasional useincreases risks such as heart disease.

「醫生,我吃這個藥會不會產生依賴性?」淺談藥物依賴性


在門診處方藥物時,很常聽病人說:醫生,我吃這個藥會不會產生依賴性?

 

所以,什麼是「藥物的依賴性」呢?

 

從醫學的診斷來說

藥物的依賴性

屬於物質使用障礙 (英語:Substance use disorder,縮寫:SUD)的範疇

而物質使用障礙

美國精神醫學會將 SUD 定義為在 12 個月內出現兩種或兩種以上以下症狀

包括:

服用超過預期劑量的藥物(物質) taking more substance than intended

減少劑量的努力沒有成功 unsuccessful efforts to cut down

花費大量時間使用或戒除藥物、significant time spent using or recovering from the substance

渴望(物質)craving

未能履行主要角色義務 failure to perform major role obligations

儘管受到社交/職業/娛樂活動的干擾仍繼續使用 continued use despite interference with social/occupational/recreational activities

在危險情況下使用 use in hazardous situations

儘管對健康有重大負面影響仍被使用 use despite significant negative impact on health 

耐受性tolerance

戒斷withdrawal 

 

物質使用障礙有嚴重程度上的差別;

DSM-5診斷中,

11項診斷標準

依據病患出現之臨床症狀(十二個月內)

可區分為輕度(2-3 項症狀)、中度(4-5 項症狀)、及重度(項症狀)。

這十一項診斷標準為:

一、病人使用該藥品的劑量偏高且使用時間已超過預期。

二、病人有持續用藥的欲求或病人曾試圖減少用量或控制用藥但皆

未成功。

三、病人花費大量的時間在取得及施用,或想要重獲該藥品的效

果。

四、病人對該藥品有渴望或強烈的欲求。

五、病人重複使用該藥品以致無法勝任在工作上、家庭中或學校中

所扮演的角色。

六、在即使持續的或重複的出現社交或人際問題,病人仍持續使用

該藥品。

七、病人已放棄或減少重要的社交、職業或娛樂的活動。

八、即使有生理上的危險,病人仍持續使用該藥品。

九、即使知道該藥品會造成或惡化原有身體或精神方面的問題,病

人仍然持續使用。

十、病人產生耐藥性(tolerance;必須增加藥品劑量,才能達到原

應有的效果)。

十一、病人發生戒斷症候群。


註:

1.第十及第十一項的症狀若因處方藥在正確的使用下所造成,則可

不予列計。

2.以上描述以藥品代表藥品或化學物質。

 

A problematic pattern of use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress is manifested by two or more of the following within a 12-month period:

 1. Often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.

 2. A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use.

 3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from the substance’s effects.

 4. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use the substance.

 5. Recurrent use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.

 6. Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by its effects.

 7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use.

 8. Recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.

 9. Continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance.

 10. Tolerance.

 11. Withdrawal.

 

看到這裡

大家會發現

絕大多數經過醫師的合法處方

是不會出現上述情況的

原因是

容易造成物質使用障礙的藥品或化學物質

通常為:

1.咖啡因、菸草/尼古丁、酒精。Caffeine, tobacco/nicotine, alcohol.

2.處方藥濫用(如鴉片類藥物、鎮靜劑/安眠藥、興奮劑)。Prescription medications misuse (eg, opioids, sedative/hypnotics, stimulants)

3.大麻Marijuana

4.非法藥物-興奮劑(包括古柯鹼)、鴉片類藥物(包括海洛因)、迷幻藥和吸入劑。Illicit drugs – Stimulants including cocaine, opioids including heroin, hallucinogens, and inhalants.

 

而絕大多數人服用的藥物

通常不屬於上述

或是在合理的使用範圍

因此一般民眾經由合法醫療管道取得的藥物

通常是不會產生依賴性的!

 

另外補充說明

有些慢性病需要控制而長期使用

這並不叫依賴性

而是「病情需要」

也就是說

對於某些病患

這些藥物對他們而言

就像吃飯喝水一樣

是一種必需品

而不是「依賴性」喔

 

畢竟我們不會因為每天需要吃飯喝水

就說自己對食物跟水有依賴性

對吧?

 

References:

Uptodate:

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/substance-use-disorders-clinical-assessment

 

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/substance-use-disorders-in-physicians-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-identification-and-engagement

 

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/物質依賴

 

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/物質使用障礙

 

註一

 

幾項研究表明,酒精是該族群中最令人擔憂的物質;處方鴨片類藥物是第二常見的藥物。例如,一項回顧性研究對 3604 名醫生的醫生健康計劃 (PHP) 醫療記錄進行了研究,其報告的「首選藥物」“drug of choice” 如下:

 

酒精 – 25%

鴉片類藥物 – 25%

大麻 – 12%

古柯鹼– 11%

鎮靜劑 – 10%

安非他明 – 4%

吸入劑 – 1%

 

Several studies of United States physicians with SUDs have documented that alcohol is the most common substance of concern in this population; with prescription opioids being the second most common. For example, one retrospective study of physician health program (PHP) medical records including 3604 physicians reported “drug of choice” as follows:

 

Alcohol – 25 percent

Opioids – 25 percent

Cannabis – 12 percent

Cocaine – 11 percent

Sedatives – 10 percent

Amphetamines – 4 percent

Inhalants – 1 percent

Other – 8 percent

 

註二

 

美國國家酒精濫用和酒精中毒研究所定義的美國酒精風險閾值為 

 

男性(65 歲以下):每天飲用 5 杯或以上標準飲品(即 12 克乙醇,通常含量為 1.5 盎司 80 度白酒、盎司葡萄酒和 12 盎司啤酒),或平均每週飲用 14 杯以上。

-65 歲以上的男性和女性:每天飲用四杯或以上標準 12 克酒精飲料,或平均每週飲用七杯以上。


對於性別少數群體,尚未設立類似的風險門檻。

對於某些物質,任何使用都被認為是不健康的。例如,任何古柯鹼或甲基安非他命的使用都會增加心臟病的風險。

 

Risk thresholds for alcohol in the United States as defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism are:

 

-Males (under 65): Five or more standard drinks (ie, 12 grams of ethanol, the amount generally found in 1.5 oz of 80 proof liquor, 5 oz of wine, and 12 oz of beer) in a day or more than 14 drinks per week on average.


-Females and males over 65: Four or more standard 12 gram drinks in a day or more than seven drinks in a week on average.

 

Similar risk thresholds have not been established for gender minority populations. 

For some substances, any use is considered unhealthy. For instance, any cocaine or methamphetamine use increases one’s risk of cardiac events.