2024年1月23日 星期二

移除斑塊真的能治療失智嗎?傳統的阿茲海默症理論受到挑戰!

 

失智症對家庭及社會的衝擊影響十分巨大

根據統計

全球已超過五千五百萬名患者

耗費成本超過1.3兆美元

全台灣約31萬人患病

72人即有一人失智

且由於失智症的盛行率會隨年紀升高

加上社會高齡化的趨勢

勢必加重家庭及社會工作年齡人口之負擔

因此先進國家無不重視失智症的治療及預防

2011年美國歐巴馬總統簽署了「國家失智症計劃法案」

在專法規範下

國家失智症計畫每年更新

並投入可觀預算協助照顧者並進行研究

 

失智症是一種後天性疾病

其特徵是涉及一個或多個認知領域的認知能力下降(註一)

雖然失智症的傳統定義需要至少兩個認知領域的下降

但《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》(DSM) 中概述的主要神經認知障礙定義

只需要單一認知領域的大幅下降

且嚴重到足以干擾日常功能和獨立性

 

老年人最常見的失智症原因是阿茲海默症 (Alzheimer disease, AD)

佔病例的 60%  80%

由於阿茲海默症是失智症最常見的原因

也是老年人口發病(morbidity)和死亡(mortality)的主要原因之一

因此如何預防及治療阿茲海默症

成了預防及治療老年失智的重點

 

阿茲海默症是一種病因和發病機制不明神經退化性疾病

代表性神經病理學變化是瀰漫性神經炎斑塊(diffuse neuritic plaques, 胞外 β 澱粉樣蛋白沉積extracellular amyloid beta deposition)

以及因細胞內過度磷酸化 tau (p-tau) 蛋白積累組成的神經纖維纏結(Neurofibrillary tangles)

另外

腦部神經細胞死亡、神經細胞間連結喪失、腦部萎縮

皆是常見的阿滋海默症患者腦部的變化

Major pathological hallmarks of AD are amyloid plaques and... | Download  Scientific Diagram 


由於澱粉樣蛋白斑塊沉積是阿茲海默症經典的病理學發現

因此

學者對阿茲海默症的成因設立了「澱粉樣蛋白假說 (amyloid hypothesis)

認為

「細胞外澱粉樣斑塊是阿茲海默症的主要原因」

(Extracellular amyloid senile plaques as the primary alzheimer's disease cause)

它會產生氧化壓力

造成慢性發炎

導致神經細胞死亡和神經變性

因此如何預防乃至移除斑塊

成了阿茲海默症的治療重點

 

而隨著科技的進步

能移除斑塊的藥物也終於在近年問世

這一類的藥物為「抗乙型澱粉樣蛋白單株抗體 Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies (MABs)

然而出乎意料的

雖然「抗乙型澱粉樣蛋白單株抗體」這類藥物的確能有效移除斑塊

但是除了效果不如預期的讓人驚艷以外(只能稍微延緩惡化但無法改善認知功能)

還有比例不高(一到兩成)但有可能發生的嚴重副作用(腦水腫和腦出血)

而且價格不菲(一年藥費數萬美元)

Amyloid Beta Protein Antibody - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

 

由於移除斑塊並未帶來病情的顯著改善

以及其他臨床及研究相關發現(註二)

因此

傳統的「澱粉樣蛋白假說」受到了巨大的挑戰

換句話說

阿茲海默症還有其他的可能形成原因

以下列舉幾樣學界提出過的一些假說:

 

a. 細胞內澱粉樣蛋白假說 (Hitoshi Okazawa et al, Neuropathology. 2021 Apr)

Intracellular amyloid hypothesis for ultra‐early phase pathology of Alzheimer‘s disease

   神經元壞死發生在細胞外澱粉樣蛋白聚集之前的超早期階段

   細胞外澱粉樣蛋白聚集是細胞內澱粉樣蛋白累積造成神經元壞死的結果

 

b. tau蛋白假說 (Fuyuki Kametani et al, Front Neurosci. 2018; 12: 25.)

Reconsideration of Amyloid Hypothesis and Tau Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease

   tau 蛋白損傷發生早於 Aβ 累積

    

c.細胞自我修復、清除廢物功能異常

   粒線體功能障礙Mitochondrial Dysfunction

   內質網壓力Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress(內質網內未折疊或錯誤折疊蛋白質積累->擾亂內質網和細胞恆定)

   自噬作用異常 Impaired Autophagy

 

雖然這些假說也有待進一步的實驗證明

但透過這些背景知識我們可以理解

阿茲海默或失智症

可能不是由簡單的單一成因所造成

而了解這些

有助於我們採取下一步行動

因為

裡面蘊藏著預防乃至治療的新契機

 

 

註一:學習和記憶(Learning and Memory)、語言(Language)、執行功能(Executive Function)、注意力(Complex Attention)、感覺與動作整合(perceptual-Motor)、社會人際認知(Social Cognitive) ]

 

註二:

基因轉殖小鼠模型相關研究:

    Aβ 沉積在大腦形成斑塊,但未觀察到神經纖維纏結形成(tau 蛋白的積累)和神經細胞死亡

    Aβ 的細胞外積累不具有細胞毒性,且不會誘導 tau 積累

    Aβ 是結果,是正常代謝產物,未必是原因

 

人類澱粉樣蛋白成像(Amyloid imaging)

    很多正常人有澱粉樣蛋白沉積,亦有AD患者有很少的澱粉樣蛋白沉積(Edison et al., 2007; Li et al., 2008) 

    在非失智症患者大腦中,斑塊分佈有時與失智症患者一樣廣泛(Davis et al., 1999; Fagan et al., 2009; Price et al., 2009; Chetelat et al., 2013) -> Aβ沉積可能是一種老化現象,與AD的發病沒有直接關係

 

 

沈默的危機!勿讓失智症拖垮國家財政

https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/2248656

 

失智症防治照護政策綱領暨行動方案2.0 (含工作項目)衛生福利部https://www.mohw.gov.tw › ...

 

失智海嘯席捲全球,你我必須面對的真相

https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/19501

 

國家阿茲海默症計畫法案 National Alzheimer S Project Act

https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/zh/national-alzheimer-s-project-act

 

Alzheimer's Association

https://www.alz.org/asian/about/what_is_alzheimers.asp?nL=ZH&dL=ZH

 

8 Ways to Help Improve Your Brain Health

 https://www.cdc.gov/aging/publications/features/healthy-body-brain.html

 

Uptodate:

Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease

Treatment of Alzheimer disease

Prevention of dementia

Risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia

 

罹患失智症有機會痊癒嗎?阿茲海默藥物開發的辛酸血淚史

https://pansci.asia/archives/124107

 

阿茲海默症新藥餘波

https://geneonline.news/fda-update-aduhelm/

 

淺談曇花一現的「阿茲海默症新藥」

https://health.gvm.com.tw/article/89801

 

百健阿茲海默藥Aduhelm 40%患者出現腦水腫/出血副作用

https://news.gbimonthly.com/tw/article/show.php?num=44640

 

百健放棄進軍歐洲

https://news.gbimonthly.com/tw/article/show.php?num=48754

 

阿茲海默症:新藥成功,股票大跌

https://professorlin.com/2021/03/22/阿茲海默症:新藥成功,股票大跌/

 

Lecanemab獲快速審查資格

https://news.gbimonthly.com/tw/article/show.php?num=45416

 

Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease 

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2212948

 

Long-Term Health Outcomes of Lecanemab in Patients with Early Alzheimer’s Disease Using Simulation Modeling

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9095799/

 

阿茲海默新藥來了,真的能治好老人失智嗎?

https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5126644

 

Donanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2100708

 

Alzheimer’s Association Statement on Donanemab Phase 3 Data Reported at AAIC 2023

https://aaic.alz.org/releases_2023/donanemab-phase-3.asp?_gl=1*12k4htj*_ga*MTEzMjM3NDg4Ni4xNzAyODgyMzQx*_ga_QSFTKCEH7C*MTcwMjg5NjQ0OS4zLjAuMTcwMjg5NjQ0OS42MC4wLjA.*_ga_9JTEWVX24V*MTcwMjg5NjQ0OS4zLjAuMTcwMjg5NjQ0OS42MC4wLjA.

 

禮來阿茲海默症新藥證實有效減緩35%認知衰退,有望年底獲FDA批准

https://health.gvm.com.tw/article/104587

 

Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease

The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 Randomized Clinical Trial

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2807533?guestAccessKey=855d51a0-c676-46f8-8bb3-1ecaa471d5eb&utm_source=For_The_Media&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=ftm_links&utm_content=tfl&utm_term=071723

 

Results from Lilly's Landmark Phase 3 Trial of Donanemab Presented at Alzheimer's Association Conference and Published in JAMA

https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/results-lillys-landmark-phase-3-trial-donanemab-presented

 

延緩初期失智達6成,禮來阿茲海默新藥可望年底問世

https://ibmi.taiwan-healthcare.org/zh/news_detail.php?REFDOCTYPID=0o4dd9ctwhtyumw0&REFDOCID=0rxywys8kws8vwry&PageNO=1

 

一篇疑造假的論文會毀了阿茲海默症的研究嗎?

https://smctw.tw/13652/

 

Alzheimer’s Disease and the β-Amyloid Peptide

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2813509/

 

Reconsideration of Amyloid Hypothesis and Tau Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797629/

 

Intracellular amyloid hypothesis for ultra‐early phase pathology of Alzheimer's disease

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8251586/

 

Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24715417/

 

The role of endoplasmic reticulum in amyloid precursor protein processing and trafficking: Implications for Alzheimer's disease

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925443914001318

 

ER stress and UPR in Alzheimer’s disease: mechanisms, pathogenesis, treatments

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-022-05153-5

 

Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: Overexpression paradigm versus knockin paradigm

https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)39049-9/fulltext

 

Tau蛋白如何在腦內穿梭

https://geneonline.news/lrp1-tau-propagation/

 

記憶的小偷:阿茲海默症

https://geneonline.news/alzheimers-disease/

https://geneonline.news/alzheimer-disease-drug-amyloid-tau/

 

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease: Opportunities for Drug Development

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9878959/

 

Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: recent advances

https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-020-00376-6

 

The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35522844/

 

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.617588/full

 

The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: A potential pathway to treatment

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S053155652200136X

 

Autophagy and Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797541/

 

Autophagy in Alzheimer's disease

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25870960/

 

Autophagy in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis: Therapeutic potential and future perspectives

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163721002117

 

Faulty autolysosome acidification in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models induces autophagic build-up of Aβ in neurons, yielding senile plaques

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-022-01084-8

 

Enhancing autophagy in Alzheimer's disease through drug repositioning

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725822000651

 

Alzheimer’s Disease Progression Hypothesis Challenged

https://www.insideprecisionmedicine.com/news-and-features/alzheimers-disease-progression-hypothesis-challenged/

 

Amyloid Beta Protein Antibody

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/amyloid-beta-protein-antibody