•年齡、糖尿病、血脂異常、高血壓、心血管疾病、BMI/肥胖/腰圍、代謝症候群、高同型半胱氨酸血症
•缺乏運動和吸煙（香菸和電子菸、與吸菸量及持續時間有正相關)
•藥物：部分血壓藥、精神藥物會增加勃起功能障礙風險
•甲狀腺功能亢進、維生素D缺乏、高尿酸血症、葉酸缺乏、憂鬱症及焦慮、慢性腎臟病、風濕病、中風和慢性阻塞性肺病、偏頭痛（尤其是年齡<40歲）、發炎性腸道疾病（IBD）也被通報為危險因子
•其他潛在危險因素：睡眠障礙、阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症、牛皮癬、痛風性關節炎和強直性脊椎炎、非酒精性脂肪肝肝臟疾病、其他慢性肝臟疾病、慢性牙周炎、開角型青光眼、慢性疲勞症候群、過敏性鼻炎和脊柱裂。
•患有 COVID-19 與新發勃起功能障礙存在關聯 。
•泌尿系統相關因子：
下泌尿道症狀/良性攝護腺增生
慢性攝護腺炎/慢性骨盆腔疼痛症候群
膀胱疼痛症候群/間質性膀胱炎
早洩
後尿道狹窄的尿道成形術
•Age, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, BMI/obesity/waist circumference, metabolic syndrome, hyperhomocysteinemia
•Lack of exercise and smoking (cigarettes and e-cigarettes are positively related to the amount and duration of smoking)
•Drugs: Some blood pressure drugs and psychotropic drugs can increase the risk of erectile dysfunction
•Hyperthyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, hyperuricemia, folate deficiency, depression and anxiety, chronic kidney disease, rheumatism, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, migraines (especially if <40 years old), inflammatory bowel disease tract disease (IBD) has also been reported as a risk factor
•Other potential risk factors: sleep disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, psoriasis, gouty arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, other chronic liver diseases, chronic periodontitis, open-angle glaucoma , chronic fatigue syndrome, allergic rhinitis and spina bifida.
•Having COVID-19 is associated with new-onset erectile dysfunction.
•Urinary system related factors:
Lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostate hyperplasia
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis
Premature ejaculation
Urethroplasty for posterior urethral stricture
References:
